Student Visa UK: Applicants’ Guide

Section A: What is a Student Visa?

The UK Student visa is the main route for overseas nationals who want to study in the UK with an approved education provider. It replaced the Tier 4 framework and it applies to students aged 16 or over who have sponsorship from a provider that holds a Student sponsor licence. The sponsorship is evidenced through a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS), which links the visa application to a specific course, provider and start date.

Most people who are not British or Irish citizens will need immigration permission to study in the UK, and a Student visa is often the route that applies for full-time study at further or higher education level. Some people will not need a Student visa because they already hold UK immigration status that allows study, for example settled status or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, or another form of permission. Short courses can also fall under different routes depending on the length and nature of study, which is why route selection matters at the start.

1. Who the Student visa is for

A Student visa is for applicants aged 16 or over who have an offer from a licensed education provider and a valid CAS for an eligible course. The course can be full-time, and part-time study is possible in limited circumstances at postgraduate level, but part-time Student permission comes with tighter conditions, including no work permission.

The visa is intended for study in the UK. UKVI expects the application evidence to align with the course on the CAS, the applicant’s study plans and the way the applicant is funding the course and living costs. In practice, the CAS is the spine of the application. UKVI checks the sponsor’s status and course details against the CAS record, then tests the application evidence around finance and English language against the same record.

2. What the Student visa allows

A Student visa allows the holder to study on the course and with the provider stated on their CAS, subject to standard Student route conditions. Students also have study-related compliance obligations, including attendance and engagement requirements, because providers have reporting duties to the Home Office and issues can lead to sponsorship action and immigration consequences.

Many Student visa holders are permitted to work, but work permission depends on course level, the type of sponsor and whether the visa is for full-time or part-time study. In many cases, degree-level students with full-time permission can work up to 20 hours per week during term time and full-time during vacations. Students on courses below degree level are commonly limited to 10 hours per week during term time. Students with part-time Student permission cannot work at all. Even where hours are permitted, the type of work is restricted. Students cannot be self-employed and cannot work as a professional sportsperson or sports coach.

Work is subject to visa conditions and UKVI will confirm the individual’s permitted work on their grant.

If you need the detail on how term time is defined, what counts as a vacation period and how employers should approach right to work checks for students, see working while you study under the Student visa rules.

3. Dependants and the January 2024 restriction

The Student route no longer gives most students the ability to bring dependants.

Dependants are only permitted in limited cases. They are allowed where the student is government-sponsored on a course lasting longer than 6 months, or where the student is on an eligible full-time postgraduate course. For courses starting on or after 1 January 2024, this is generally limited to PhD/doctoral level (RQF 8) or a research-based higher degree.

Additional restrictions apply for courses that start on or after 1 January 2024. In these cases, dependants are generally only permitted where the postgraduate course is a PhD or other doctorate, or a research-based higher degree. This is an evidence-led assessment and the course type, level, start date and CAS wording need to align with the dependant rules. Where a dependant application is submitted on the wrong basis, refusal is common and it can have knock-on impact for travel plans, accommodation and course start dates.

For the detailed dependant rules and how they are applied in practice, see Student visa dependants.

4. What happens after study

Some students can apply to stay in the UK after completing their course under the Graduate Route. This can provide further permission to work or look for work after successful course completion. Eligibility depends on specific requirements, including how and when the provider confirms completion to the Home Office, so timing matters and it is not sensible to treat it as automatic.

Many applicants also plan longer-term options alongside study, including sponsored work routes, but those options depend on role eligibility, salary thresholds and employer sponsorship readiness. Where the intention is to stay in the UK after study, planning is usually easier and cheaper if it starts well before the course end date rather than after the student has run out of time.

• The Student visa is the main route for overseas nationals aged 16 or over studying with a licensed education provider in the UK.
• Work permission depends on the course, sponsor and whether study is full-time, and part-time Student permission does not allow work.
• Dependants are restricted, and the January 2024 change means many postgraduate students can no longer bring family members.
• Post-study options can include the Graduate Route, but eligibility depends on course completion and provider reporting.

Section B: Student Visa Eligibility Requirements

The requirements for the UK Student route are set out in Appendix Student of the Immigration Rules. The Student route is structured around sponsorship, finance and English language requirements.

In practice, UKVI assesses whether the application evidence aligns with the CAS record, the course and the route requirements in force on the date of application. Where a document is missing, outside the permitted format, or inconsistent with the CAS, refusals and delays are common.

1. The 70-point structure

A Student visa applicant generally needs to score 70 points by meeting each of the following elements.

a. A valid offer and sponsorship from a licensed student sponsor, evidenced by a CAS (50 points)

b. Meeting the financial requirement for course fees and living costs, unless an evidence exemption applies (10 points)

c. Meeting the English language requirement, unless an exemption applies (10 points)

Although the points breakdown is straightforward on paper, the route is highly evidence-driven. UKVI’s starting assumption is that the CAS is the sponsor’s declaration of course eligibility and the key application facts, then the applicant’s documents are checked against it. That is why errors in CAS details, payments not reflected on the CAS, or inconsistent evidence can undermine an otherwise genuine application.

2. Sponsorship by a licensed education provider and the CAS

To qualify under the Student route, the applicant needs sponsorship from an education provider that holds a Student sponsor licence. Sponsorship is evidenced by a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS), which is a digital record assigned by the provider. The CAS includes key details such as the sponsor, course title, qualification level, course dates, tuition fees and where relevant, how the English language requirement is met.

UKVI expects the applicant to submit their Student visa application within the validity period of the CAS. The CAS is generally valid for six months from the date it is assigned. Where the applicant applies after this period, a new CAS is normally needed.

The Student route supports a range of course types, but the course needs to be eligible under the route. Common examples include full-time study below degree level, full-time study at degree level or above, eligible English language courses, and in limited circumstances, part-time study at postgraduate level. Part-time Student permission comes with tighter conditions, including no work permission.

3. Student visa financial requirement

The financial requirement is made up of course fees and living costs.

Course fees are based on the amount stated on the CAS. Applicants applying from overseas, and applicants who have been in the UK for less than 12 months, are generally expected to show funds to cover course fees for one academic year, or for the full course if it lasts less than one academic year. Any course fees already paid to the provider can only be deducted from the amount that needs to be shown if the payment is recorded on the CAS.

Living costs are assessed using a fixed monthly figure for up to nine months. For courses in London, the amount is £1,529 per month. For courses outside London, the amount is £1,171 per month.

UKVI expects the required funds to have been held for at least 28 consecutive days and the end date of the 28-day period needs to fall within 31 days of the application date. Where the balance drops below the required level at any point during the 28-day period, the requirement is usually treated as not met.

Where an applicant relies on a student loan or financial sponsorship, UKVI expects formal documentary evidence that meets the content requirements for the route. The document needs to confirm the amount of funding and key terms, including that it is available for study in the UK, where relevant.

4. Financial evidence exemptions and the differential evidence approach

In some cases, an applicant does not normally have to submit evidence of living costs with the application.

A common exemption applies where the applicant has been in the UK with valid permission for at least 12 months on the date of application. A similar approach can apply where the applicant is applying as a Student Union Sabbatical Officer or as a postgraduate doctor or dentist on a recognised foundation programme, where the route rules treat the financial evidence requirements differently.

Some applicants fall under the differential evidence requirement. This means they do not normally have to provide financial evidence, qualifications evidence or English language evidence with the application, but UKVI can request it during consideration and the applicant is expected to hold the evidence in the correct form on the date of application. In practice, this is not a waiver of the underlying requirement, it is a change to what is submitted up front.

Where relevant to the applicant’s nationality and passport type, this can include holders of a British National (Overseas) passport, or a passport issued by Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR or Taiwan, and nationals of certain countries that UKVI treats as qualifying under the differential evidence rules. Even where evidence is not submitted up front, applicants should still ensure they genuinely have the funds and can evidence them quickly if UKVI asks.

5. English language requirement

An applicant is generally expected to prove they can speak, read, write and understand English to the required level. The required level depends on the level of the course.

For study below degree level, UKVI generally expects English at CEFR level B1. For study at degree level or above, UKVI generally expects English at CEFR level B2. In many cases, this is satisfied by passing a Secure English Language Test (SELT) with an approved provider. In some cases, a Higher Education Provider can assess English language ability in line with the Student route rules, which is then reflected on the CAS.

English language evidence can also be met through accepted exemptions. This can include nationality-based exemptions for nationals of listed majority English-speaking countries, or academic qualifications that UKVI accepts as equivalent to a UK degree and taught in English. Where the applicant has previously met an English language requirement in a prior UK immigration application, it can sometimes be relied on again, but only where it still meets the Student route requirement on the application date and is recognised under the rules for the application being made.

6. Genuine student and credibility factors

In addition to points and documents, UKVI assesses whether the applicant is a genuine student. Credibility issues often arise where the study plan does not show clear progression, the funding explanation is unclear, the applicant’s personal history conflicts with what is stated in the application, or the evidence bundle is inconsistent with the CAS. Where credibility concerns arise, UKVI can refuse the application even where the sponsor has issued a CAS and the applicant has enough money on paper.

Applicants improve their position where the application narrative is consistent with the course choice, the timing makes sense and the documents line up cleanly with the CAS details and the route requirements.

• The Student route is a 70-point application where the CAS, finance and English language elements need to align with the Immigration Rules in force on the application date.
• The CAS is time-limited and it drives UKVI’s checks on course eligibility, fees and key course facts.
• The financial evidence rules are strict, including the 28-day holding period and 31-day application window for bank evidence.
• English language evidence depends on course level, and the accepted method needs to match what the sponsor confirms on the CAS where sponsor assessment is used.

Section C: How to Apply for a UK Student Visa

A UK Student visa application is submitted online and assessed against the Immigration Rules and the evidence in force on the date of application. Although the process itself is digital, the outcome depends heavily on timing, sequencing and whether the application aligns cleanly with the CAS and supporting documents. Errors at this stage are difficult to fix once the application has been submitted.

1. When to apply

When an applicant can apply depends on where the application is made.

Applicants applying from outside the UK can normally submit a Student visa application up to six months before the course start date stated on the CAS. The earliest you can apply is 3 months before your course starts, provided the application is submitted before the current immigration permission expires.

For in-country applications, the new course usually needs to start within 28 days of the expiry of the applicant’s current permission. Where this timing requirement is not met, the application can be refused even if the applicant otherwise qualifies under the route. UKVI applies these timing rules strictly and there is no discretion to waive them.

2. Student visa supporting documents

A Student visa application is decided almost entirely on the documents submitted and how they align with the CAS and the Immigration Rules. UKVI does not usually ask follow-up questions or invite corrections. Where a required document is missing, outside the permitted format or inconsistent with the CAS, refusal is a common outcome even where the applicant is otherwise eligible.

a. Core documents

Every Student visa applicant needs to provide a valid passport or other acceptable travel document. The personal details in the passport need to match exactly what appears on the CAS, including spelling, order of names and passport number. Discrepancies can delay the application or lead to refusal where identity cannot be clearly confirmed.

The CAS itself is not uploaded as a document, but the CAS reference number is mandatory. UKVI uses the CAS record as the authoritative source for course details, sponsor status, fees and, where relevant, English language confirmation. If the CAS contains errors, those errors are treated as part of the application record and can undermine the decision even where the applicant’s own documents are correct.

b. Financial evidence 

Where financial evidence is required, UKVI applies strict format and content rules. Bank statements or financial letters need to clearly show the account holder’s name, account number, financial institution details, transaction history and the closing balance. The funds need to meet the required level for both tuition fees and living costs.

The money needs to have been held for at least 28 consecutive days and the end of that 28-day period needs to fall within 31 days of the application date. UKVI does not allow discretion where the balance dips below the required level, even briefly, during the 28-day period.

Where a student loan or official financial sponsorship is relied on, UKVI expects formal written confirmation that meets the route requirements. The document needs to confirm the amount of funding, the duration of support and, where relevant, that the funds are available for study in the UK. Informal letters, conditional offers or documents that do not clearly cover the required costs are frequently rejected.

c. English language evidence

English language evidence needs to match exactly how the requirement has been met on the CAS. This may be an approved Secure English Language Test result, an academic qualification that UKVI accepts as equivalent to a UK degree and taught in English, or confirmation by a Higher Education Provider where the rules allow sponsor assessment.

Problems often arise where applicants submit English test results that are not approved for the Student route, are no longer valid, or do not meet the required level for the course. Submitting additional English evidence that conflicts with what the sponsor has confirmed on the CAS does not usually strengthen the application and can create credibility concerns.

d. Additional documents 

Some applicants are required to provide additional documents depending on their age, course or background.

Applicants under the age of 18 are expected to provide written consent from their parent or legal guardian, together with evidence of the relationship. The consent needs to cover the visa application and the care and living arrangements in the UK.

An Academic Technology Approval Scheme certificate is required for certain science, engineering and technology courses. Where ATAS applies, the clearance certificate needs to be valid and linked to the specific course and institution shown on the CAS at the point the application is submitted.

Applicants who have lived in a country listed under the tuberculosis testing rules during the relevant period need to provide a valid TB test certificate from an approved clinic. Certificates issued outside the approved system or outside the validity period are not accepted.

e. Translations, consistency & credibility

Any document that is not in English or Welsh needs to be accompanied by a certified translation that meets UKVI standards. Applications are regularly refused where translations are missing, incomplete or not properly certified.

UKVI compares all documents against each other and against the CAS. Dates, course details, funding explanations and personal history need to tell a consistent story. Where documents contradict each other or leave gaps that are not explained, UKVI can raise credibility concerns and refuse the application without requesting further evidence.

3. Student visa fees

Student visa applications are submitted online using the CAS reference number issued by the education provider. The CAS details populate much of the Home Office assessment, which is why any error in the CAS can have a direct impact on the decision.

The visa application fee is currently £524, whether the application is made from outside the UK or from inside the UK to extend or switch into the Student route. Applicants are also required to pay the Immigration Health Surcharge as part of the application. Students benefit from the reduced rate, which is currently £776 per year of permission granted.

The Immigration Health Surcharge is calculated based on the full length of permission being requested, including any additional time added at the end of the course. Applicants are often caught out by this where the total figure is higher than expected.

4. Identity checks & biometrics

As part of the application process, the applicant needs to prove their identity. The method depends on nationality, passport type and where the application is being made.

Some applicants are directed to attend a visa application centre to provide a facial image and fingerprints. Others are directed to use the UK Immigration: ID Check app to scan their passport and upload a digital facial image. The Home Office determines which method applies after the application is submitted and the applicant is not usually able to choose.

Delays often arise where applicants assume they can use the app but are later required to attend an appointment, or where appointments are not booked early enough during peak application periods.

5. Processing times & priority services

Processing times depend on where the application is made.

Applications submitted from outside the UK are usually decided within around three weeks. Applications submitted from inside the UK are usually decided within around eight weeks. These are indicative timeframes rather than guaranteed service standards, and they can be longer during busy periods or where UKVI requests further information.

Priority and super priority services may be available in some locations for an additional fee. Availability varies by country and by time of year, and faster services do not remove the risk of delay where the application raises questions or requires further checks.

6. Application outcomes and digital status

If the application is successful, you’ll get an eVisa, which is an online record of immigration status.

This digital record is what education providers, employers and landlords rely on for checks. Applicants who do not access or check their UKVI account promptly can find themselves unable to enrol, start work or travel, even though permission has been granted.

If an application is refused, the decision notice explains the reasons. In some cases, an administrative review may be available where the refusal is based on a caseworking error. In many situations, correcting the issue and making a fresh application is the more realistic option, particularly where the refusal relates to evidence or timing rather than an obvious Home Office mistake.

Section D: Length of Stay, Extensions and Switching

How long a person can remain in the UK on a Student visa, and whether they can extend their permission or switch into another route, depends on the course, the level of study and the applicant’s immigration history. This is an area where assumptions often cause problems, particularly where students expect automatic extensions or treat the Student route as a stepping stone without planning the timing properly.

1. How long a Student visa lasts

Student visa permission is granted to cover the length of the course shown on the CAS, together with an additional period at the end of the course. The length of this additional period depends on the type and level of study and is set by the Immigration Rules rather than by the education provider.

There is no fixed entitlement to remain in the UK for a set number of years simply because a person holds a Student visa. UKVI looks at the course end date on the CAS and applies the relevant post-study period automatically as part of the grant of permission. Where course dates change, or where a course is shortened or extended, the length of permission can also change.

2. Limits on time spent studying in the UK

The Student route includes limits on how long a person can study in the UK at certain levels. These limits are intended to prevent repeated study at the same or a lower academic level without progression.

Time limits are assessed by looking at previous periods of permission under student-type routes, not just the current visa. Applicants who have studied in the UK before, taken breaks between courses or changed institutions can be caught out where earlier periods of study are counted towards the limit. Some courses and levels are exempt from time limits, but this is not universal and needs to be assessed against the individual’s study history.

3. Extending a Student visa

A Student visa can be extended from inside the UK where the applicant continues to meet the route requirements and their education provider issues a new CAS. Extensions are commonly used to move from one course to another, to progress to a higher academic level or to complete a longer programme of study.

The extension application needs to be submitted before the current permission expires. In most cases, the new course needs to represent academic progression. Where progression is weak or unclear, UKVI can refuse the application even if the sponsor has issued a CAS.

4. Switching into the Student route from another visa

Some applicants can switch into the Student route from within the UK, provided their current immigration permission allows switching and they meet the Student route requirements. Others are required to leave the UK and apply from overseas.

Switching is not permitted from certain routes, including where the applicant is in the UK as a Visitor or on a Short-term study (English language) route. Where an applicant applies from inside the UK when switching is not permitted, the application will be refused regardless of whether the course and sponsor are eligible.

5. Switching out of the Student route

Many students plan to move into another immigration route after or during their studies, such as the Graduate Route or a sponsored work route. Whether this is possible depends on the specific route rules, including eligibility criteria, timing and whether the student has completed their course.

Some routes allow switching from within the UK, while others require an application from overseas. Timing is often decisive. Where an application is made too early or too late, or before the sponsor has completed required reporting, the opportunity to switch can be lost.

6. Interaction with settled and pre-settled status

Individuals who already hold settled status or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme do not need a Student visa in order to study in the UK. Their ability to study and work flows from their existing status rather than the Student route.

For those with pre-settled status, studying in the UK does not remove the need to meet residence and absence requirements for future settled status. Time spent outside the UK for study or other reasons can still affect eligibility for settlement, and this needs to be factored into longer-term planning.

• The length of a Student visa is tied to the course dates and the additional period set by the Immigration Rules.
• There are limits on how long a person can study at certain levels under the Student route.
• Extensions are possible but are not automatic and usually require academic progression.
• Switching rules depend on the current visa and the route being applied for, and some routes require an overseas application.

Section E: Summary

A UK student visa allows international students to pursue their education at recognised institutions in the United Kingdom. The application process requires careful attention to detail, particularly in meeting eligibility requirements, such as providing proof of sufficient funds, English language proficiency and a CAS from the institution. Any errors or omissions in the application could result in delays or visa refusal.

Applicants should also consider the financial implications of studying in the UK, including tuition fees, living costs, and the healthcare surcharge. International students also have to adhere to visa conditions, including work restrictions and attendance requirements, as non-compliance may lead to visa cancellation or difficulties in extending the visa.

Section F: Need Assistance?

If you want clarity on eligibility, route selection, dependants, work permissions or post-study options, book a fixed-fee telephone consultation and speak with one of our student visa advisers.

Section G: Student Visa FAQs

What is a UK Student visa?

The UK Student visa is the main immigration route for overseas nationals aged 16 or over who want to study in the UK with a licensed education provider. The application is linked to a specific course and sponsor through a Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS), and permission is granted subject to Student route conditions.

Who needs a UK Student visa?

Most people who are not British or Irish citizens will need immigration permission to study in the UK, and a Student visa is often the route used for full-time study at further or higher education level. Some people do not need a Student visa because they already hold UK immigration status that allows study, for example settled status or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme.

Can I study in the UK as a Visitor instead of applying for a Student visa?

Visitor permission can allow study in the UK in limited circumstances, usually for short courses. It does not allow long-term study and it does not allow work. Choosing the wrong route can lead to refusal and can cause issues at the border, so it is important to match the route to the course type and course length.

How early can I apply for a Student visa?

If you are applying from outside the UK, you can normally apply up to six months before your course start date. If you are applying from inside the UK, you can normally apply up to three months before your course starts, provided you apply before your current permission expires and your course start date falls within the permitted timing rules for in-country applications.

How long does a UK Student visa take to process?

Applications made from outside the UK are usually decided within around three weeks. Applications made from inside the UK are usually decided within around eight weeks. These are indicative timeframes and can be longer during busy periods, where biometrics appointments are limited, or where UKVI requests further information.

How much does a UK Student visa cost?

The Student visa application fee is currently £524 whether you apply from outside the UK or apply to extend or switch from inside the UK. You will also need to pay the Immigration Health Surcharge at the reduced student rate, which is currently £776 per year of permission granted. The total surcharge depends on the length of immigration permission you are granted, not just the course length.

How much money do I need to show for a Student visa?

You may need to show funds for both tuition fees and living costs. Living costs are calculated using a monthly amount for up to nine months, with a higher rate for courses in London and a lower rate for courses outside London. The course fee amount is taken from the figure stated on your CAS, and only payments recorded on the CAS can usually be deducted from what you need to show.

What are the financial evidence rules and what goes wrong most often?

Where financial evidence is required, UKVI expects the required funds to have been held for at least 28 consecutive days and the end date of that 28-day period needs to fall within 31 days of the application date. Applications are often refused where the balance drops below the required amount during the 28-day period, or where the statement dates fall outside the permitted window, even if the applicant genuinely has enough money overall.

Do all applicants have to submit bank statements?

No. Some applicants do not normally have to submit financial evidence with the application, for example where they have been in the UK with valid permission for at least 12 months on the date of application, or where they fall under the differential evidence requirement based on nationality and passport type. Even where evidence is not submitted up front, UKVI can request it during consideration and the applicant is still expected to hold the required funds in the correct form on the date of application.

What English language level do I need for a Student visa?

The required English language level depends on the level of the course. For study below degree level, the requirement is generally CEFR level B1. For degree level study and above, it is generally CEFR level B2. English can be evidenced in different ways depending on the circumstances, including an approved test, accepted qualifications, or confirmation by a Higher Education Provider where permitted, and it needs to match what is recorded on the CAS.

Can I work on a UK Student visa?

Work is permitted in many cases, but it depends on the course, sponsor and whether study is full-time or part-time. Many full-time degree-level students can work up to 20 hours per week during term time and full-time during vacations, while students on courses below degree level are often limited to 10 hours per week during term time. Part-time Student permission does not allow work. There are also restrictions on the type of work that can be undertaken, including restrictions on self-employment and certain categories of work.

Can I bring my partner or children to the UK as dependants?

Dependants are only permitted in limited circumstances. In broad terms, this is mainly where the student is government-sponsored on a course longer than six months, or where the student is studying a full-time postgraduate course at RQF level 7 or above that lasts at least nine months. Additional restrictions apply to courses starting on or after 1 January 2024, where dependants are generally only permitted for PhD or other doctoral programmes or research-based higher degrees.

Can I extend my Student visa?

Extensions can be possible if you continue to meet the Student route requirements and your education provider issues a new CAS. You need to apply before your current permission expires. In most cases, UKVI expects academic progression, so extending to a lower-level or similar-level course without a clear progression rationale can create refusal risk.

Can I switch into the Student route from inside the UK?

Some people can switch into the Student route from within the UK, but it depends on their current immigration category. Switching is not permitted from certain routes, including Visitor permission and the Short-term study (English language) route. If switching is not permitted, the applicant is expected to leave the UK and apply from overseas.

Can I stay in the UK after finishing my course?

Some students can apply under the Graduate Route after successfully completing their course, which can allow them to stay in the UK for a further period to work or look for work. Eligibility depends on meeting the Graduate Route requirements, including course completion and the provider’s reporting to the Home Office, and it is not automatic.

What happens if my Student visa is refused?

A refusal notice will explain the reasons for the decision. In some cases an administrative review may be available where the refusal is based on a caseworking error. Where the refusal relates to missing or incorrect evidence, it is often more effective to correct the issue and make a fresh application, taking care to address the refusal reasons directly.

What changes do I need to report during my studies?

If key details change during your studies, for example your course, sponsor, study location, passport or contact details, this can affect your immigration position and your ability to access and prove your status. Education providers also have reporting duties to the Home Office and changes can trigger sponsorship action. It is sensible to deal with changes early, because problems often arise when they are discovered during enrolment, onboarding checks or travel.

Section H: Glossary

Section I: Additional Resources & Links